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Traffic on roads may consist of pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars and other conveyances, either singly or together, while using the public way for purposes of travel.
Traffic laws are the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic.
Organized traffic generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at intersections.
Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions, intersections, interchanges, traffic signals, or signs.
Traffic is often classified by type: heavy motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck); other vehicle (e.g., moped, bicycle); and pedestrian.
Different classes may share speed limits and easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules of the road while others rely more on drivers' common sense and willingness to cooperate.
Traffic laws are the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic.
Organized traffic generally has well-established priorities, lanes, right-of-way, and traffic control at intersections.
Traffic is formally organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions, intersections, interchanges, traffic signals, or signs.
Traffic is often classified by type: heavy motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck); other vehicle (e.g., moped, bicycle); and pedestrian.
Different classes may share speed limits and easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules of the road while others rely more on drivers' common sense and willingness to cooperate.
Traffic in English is taken from the Arabic word taraffaqa, which means to walk along slowly together.
Rules of the road and driving etiquette are the general practices and procedures that road users are required to follow.
These rules usually apply to all road users, though they are of special importance to motorists and cyclists.
These rules govern interactions between vehicles and with pedestrians.
The basic traffic rules are defined by an international treaty under the authority of the United Nations, the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.
Not all countries are signatory to the convention and, even among signatories, local variations in practice may be found. There are also unwritten local rules of the road, which are generally understood by local drivers.
As a general rule, drivers are expected to avoid a collision with another vehicle and pedestrians, regardless of whether or not the applicable rules of the road allow them to be where they happen to be.
In addition to the rules applicable by default, traffic signs and traffic lights must be obeyed, and instructions may be given by a police officer, either routinely (on a busy crossing instead of traffic lights) or as road traffic control around a construction zone, accident, or other road disruption.
These rules should be distinguished from the mechanical procedures required to operate one's vehicle.
Directionality
Traffic going in opposite directions should be separated in such a way that they do not block each other's way.
The most basic rule is whether to use the left or right side of the road.
Traffic regulations
In many countries, the rules of the road are codified, setting out the legal requirements and punishments for breaking them.
Uncontrolled traffic
Uncontrolled traffic comes in the absence of lane markings and traffic control signals.
On roads without marked lanes, drivers tend to keep to the appropriate side if the road is wide enough. Drivers frequently overtake others.
Obstructions are common.
Intersections have no signals or signage, and a particular road at a busy intersection may be dominant – that is, its traffic flows – until a break in traffic, at which time the dominance shifts to the other road where vehicles are queued.
At the intersection of two perpendicular roads, a traffic jam may result if four vehicles face each other side-on.
Turning
Drivers will often want to cease to travel a straight line and turn onto another road or onto private property.
The vehicle's directional signals (blinkers) are often used as a way to announce one's intention to turn, thus alerting other drivers.
The actual usage of blinkers varies greatly amongst countries, although its purpose should be the same in all countries: to indicate a driver's intention to depart from the current (and natural) flow of traffic well before the departure is executed (typically 3 seconds as a guideline).
This will usually mean that turning traffic will have to stop in order to wait for a breach to turn, and this might cause inconvenience for drivers that follow them but do not want to turn.
This is why dedicated lanes and protected traffic signals for turning are sometimes provided.
On busier intersections where a protected lane would be ineffective or cannot be built, turning may be entirely prohibited, and drivers will be required to "drive around the block" in order to accomplish the turn.
Speed Limits
The higher the speed of a vehicle, the more difficult collision avoidance becomes and the greater the damage if a collision does occur.
Therefore, many countries of the world limit the maximum speed allowed on their roads.
Vehicles are not supposed to be driven at speeds which are higher than the posted maximum.
To enforce speed limits, two approaches are generally employed.
In the United States, it is common for the police to patrol the streets and use special equipment (typically a radar unit) to measure the speed of vehicles, and pull over any vehicle found to be in violation of the speed limit.
In Brazil, Colombia and some European countries, there are computerized speed-measuring devices spread throughout the city, which will automatically detect speeding drivers and take a photograph of the license plate (or number plate), which is later used for applying and mailing the ticket.
Many jurisdictions in the U.S. use this technology as well.
A mechanism that was developed in Germany is the Grüne Welle, or green wave, which is an indicator that shows the optimal speed to travel for the synchronized green lights along that corridor.
Driving faster or slower than the speed set by the behavior of the lights causes the driver to encounter many red lights.
This discourages drivers from speeding or impeding the flow of traffic.
Overtaking
Overtaking (or passing) refers to a maneuver by which one or more vehicles traveling in the same direction are passed by another vehicle.
On two-lane roads, when there is a split line or a dashed line on the side of the overtaker, drivers may overtake when it is safe.
On multi-lane roads in most jurisdictions, overtaking is permitted in the "slower" lanes, though many require a special circumstance. See "Lanes" below.
In the United Kingdom and Canada, notably on extra-urban roads, a solid white or yellow line closer to the driver is used to indicate that no overtaking is allowed in that lane.
A double white or yellow line means that neither side may overtake.
In the United States, a solid white line means that lane changes are discouraged and a double-white line means that the lane change is prohibited.
Lanes
When a street is wide enough to accommodate several vehicles traveling side-by-side, it is usual for traffic to organize itself into lanes, that is, parallel corridors of traffic.
Some roads have one lane for each direction of travel and others have multiple lanes for each direction.
Most countries apply pavement markings to clearly indicate the limits of each lane and the direction of travel that it must be used for.
In other countries lanes have no markings at all and drivers follow them mostly by intuition rather than visual stimulus.
On roads that have multiple lanes going in the same direction, drivers may usually shift amongst lanes as they please, but they must do so in a way that does not cause inconvenience to other drivers.
Driving cultures vary greatly on the issue of "lane ownership": in some countries, drivers traveling in a lane will be very protective of their right to travel in it while in others drivers will routinely expect other drivers to shift back and forth.
These rules usually apply to all road users, though they are of special importance to motorists and cyclists.
These rules govern interactions between vehicles and with pedestrians.
The basic traffic rules are defined by an international treaty under the authority of the United Nations, the 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.
Not all countries are signatory to the convention and, even among signatories, local variations in practice may be found. There are also unwritten local rules of the road, which are generally understood by local drivers.
As a general rule, drivers are expected to avoid a collision with another vehicle and pedestrians, regardless of whether or not the applicable rules of the road allow them to be where they happen to be.
In addition to the rules applicable by default, traffic signs and traffic lights must be obeyed, and instructions may be given by a police officer, either routinely (on a busy crossing instead of traffic lights) or as road traffic control around a construction zone, accident, or other road disruption.
These rules should be distinguished from the mechanical procedures required to operate one's vehicle.
Directionality
Traffic going in opposite directions should be separated in such a way that they do not block each other's way.
The most basic rule is whether to use the left or right side of the road.
Traffic regulations
In many countries, the rules of the road are codified, setting out the legal requirements and punishments for breaking them.
Uncontrolled traffic
Uncontrolled traffic comes in the absence of lane markings and traffic control signals.
On roads without marked lanes, drivers tend to keep to the appropriate side if the road is wide enough. Drivers frequently overtake others.
Obstructions are common.
Intersections have no signals or signage, and a particular road at a busy intersection may be dominant – that is, its traffic flows – until a break in traffic, at which time the dominance shifts to the other road where vehicles are queued.
At the intersection of two perpendicular roads, a traffic jam may result if four vehicles face each other side-on.
Turning
Drivers will often want to cease to travel a straight line and turn onto another road or onto private property.
The vehicle's directional signals (blinkers) are often used as a way to announce one's intention to turn, thus alerting other drivers.
The actual usage of blinkers varies greatly amongst countries, although its purpose should be the same in all countries: to indicate a driver's intention to depart from the current (and natural) flow of traffic well before the departure is executed (typically 3 seconds as a guideline).
This will usually mean that turning traffic will have to stop in order to wait for a breach to turn, and this might cause inconvenience for drivers that follow them but do not want to turn.
This is why dedicated lanes and protected traffic signals for turning are sometimes provided.
On busier intersections where a protected lane would be ineffective or cannot be built, turning may be entirely prohibited, and drivers will be required to "drive around the block" in order to accomplish the turn.
Speed Limits
The higher the speed of a vehicle, the more difficult collision avoidance becomes and the greater the damage if a collision does occur.
Therefore, many countries of the world limit the maximum speed allowed on their roads.
Vehicles are not supposed to be driven at speeds which are higher than the posted maximum.
To enforce speed limits, two approaches are generally employed.
In the United States, it is common for the police to patrol the streets and use special equipment (typically a radar unit) to measure the speed of vehicles, and pull over any vehicle found to be in violation of the speed limit.
In Brazil, Colombia and some European countries, there are computerized speed-measuring devices spread throughout the city, which will automatically detect speeding drivers and take a photograph of the license plate (or number plate), which is later used for applying and mailing the ticket.
Many jurisdictions in the U.S. use this technology as well.
A mechanism that was developed in Germany is the Grüne Welle, or green wave, which is an indicator that shows the optimal speed to travel for the synchronized green lights along that corridor.
Driving faster or slower than the speed set by the behavior of the lights causes the driver to encounter many red lights.
This discourages drivers from speeding or impeding the flow of traffic.
Overtaking
Overtaking (or passing) refers to a maneuver by which one or more vehicles traveling in the same direction are passed by another vehicle.
On two-lane roads, when there is a split line or a dashed line on the side of the overtaker, drivers may overtake when it is safe.
On multi-lane roads in most jurisdictions, overtaking is permitted in the "slower" lanes, though many require a special circumstance. See "Lanes" below.
In the United Kingdom and Canada, notably on extra-urban roads, a solid white or yellow line closer to the driver is used to indicate that no overtaking is allowed in that lane.
A double white or yellow line means that neither side may overtake.
In the United States, a solid white line means that lane changes are discouraged and a double-white line means that the lane change is prohibited.
Lanes
When a street is wide enough to accommodate several vehicles traveling side-by-side, it is usual for traffic to organize itself into lanes, that is, parallel corridors of traffic.
Some roads have one lane for each direction of travel and others have multiple lanes for each direction.
Most countries apply pavement markings to clearly indicate the limits of each lane and the direction of travel that it must be used for.
In other countries lanes have no markings at all and drivers follow them mostly by intuition rather than visual stimulus.
On roads that have multiple lanes going in the same direction, drivers may usually shift amongst lanes as they please, but they must do so in a way that does not cause inconvenience to other drivers.
Driving cultures vary greatly on the issue of "lane ownership": in some countries, drivers traveling in a lane will be very protective of their right to travel in it while in others drivers will routinely expect other drivers to shift back and forth.
